This simulation shows the behavior of a simple buck converter driven by a 1 kHz square-wave source. The switch produces a pulsed 5 V input, which is then filtered by the LC stage—an inductor of 1 H and a capacitor of 10 µF. As the switch turns on and off, the inductor current ramps up and down, storing and releasing energy. The capacitor smooths the pulsating waveform, creating a lower DC output voltage with reduced ripple. The oscilloscope traces reflect this: the orange waveform represents the

This simulation demonstrates the working of a Buck Converter, a DC-DC step-down converter used to reduce voltage efficiently. The input is a 5V DC supply with a 1 kHz PWM signal controlling the switching transistor. The circuit includes a 100 Ω resistor, a 1 H inductor, a 10 µF capacitor, and a 1 kΩ load resistor. The PWM signal (orange waveform) drives the switching, while the blue waveform shows the smoothed output voltage, which is around 2V, lower than the input, indicating proper buck conve